![]() In 2003, the social bookmarking website Delicious provided a way for its users to add "tags" to their bookmarks (as a way to help find them later) : 162 Delicious also provided browseable aggregated views of the bookmarks of all users featuring a particular tag. However, users defined singular Tags, and did not share Tags at that point. In "The Equator" the term Tag for user-input was described as an abstract literal or keyword to aid the user. In 1997, the collaborative portal "A Description of the Equator and Some ØtherLands" produced by documenta X, Germany, used the folksonomic term Tag for its co-authors and guest authors on its Upload page. User upload page associating user contributed media with the term Tag. "A Description of the Equator and Some ØtherLands", collaborative hypercinema portal, produced by documenta X, 1997. In the early days of the World Wide Web, the keywords meta element was used by web designers to tell web search engines what the web page was about, but these keywords were only visible in a web page's source code and were not modifiable by users. Online databases and early websites deployed keyword tags as a way for publishers to help users find content. This use of the word "tag" did not refer to metadata tags, but was an early use of the word "tag" in software to refer to a word index. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Unix text editor Emacs offered a companion software program called Tags that could automatically build a table of cross-references called a tags table that Emacs could use to jump between a function call and that function's definition. Paper data storage devices, notably edge-notched cards, that permitted classification and sorting by multiple criteria were already in use prior to the twentieth century, and faceted classification has been used by libraries since the 1930s. The use of keywords as part of an identification and classification system long predates computers. Metadata tags as described in this article should not be confused with the use of the word "tag" in some software to refer to an automatically generated cross-reference examples of the latter are tags tables in Emacs and smart tags in Microsoft Office. When tags or other taxonomies have further properties (or semantics) such as relationships and attributes, they constitute an ontology. Others are combining top-down and bottom-up tagging, including in some large library catalogs ( OPACs) such as WorldCat. : 142–143 Some researchers and applications have experimented with combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical tagging to aid in information retrieval. ![]() : 142 This definition of "top down" and "bottom up" should not be confused with the distinction between a single hierarchical tree structure (in which there is one correct way to classify each item) versus multiple non-hierarchical sets (in which there are multiple ways to classify an item) the structure of both top-down and bottom-up taxonomies may be either hierarchical, non-hierarchical, or a combination of both. : 142 : 24 Top-down taxonomies are created by an authorized group of designers (sometimes in the form of a controlled vocabulary), whereas bottom-up taxonomies (called folksonomies) are created by all users. Tagging systems have sometimes been classified into two kinds: top-down and bottom-up. On websites that aggregate the tags of all users, an individual user's tags can be useful both to them and to the larger community of the website's users. ![]() Websites that include tags often display collections of tags as tag clouds, as do some desktop applications. These sites allow users to create and manage labels (or "tags") that categorize content using simple keywords. Tagging gained popularity due to the growth of social bookmarking, image sharing, and social networking websites. Computer based search algorithms made the use of such keywords a rapid way of exploring records. People were using textual keywords to classify information and objects long before computers. An analogous example of tags in the physical world is museum object tagging. Tags may take the form of words, images, or other identifying marks. ![]() People use tags to aid classification, mark ownership, note boundaries, and indicate online identity.
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